In 1896 the Zulu was no more an independent nation, but had been defeated and had long since been under the control of the British Empire. The hierarchic society went through a period of momentous and brutal change; colonial interests gained increased control of the trade, provision and supplies as well as the governing body. However, the Christian missionaries were allowed to work freely. The material culture, too, was affected.
Glass beads, once a privilege of the royal clans, were now available to everybody to use in various crafts and to wear. Bead crafting went through a change and regional varieties became apparent in the vast province of KwaZulu-Natal. The differences in patterns and colors signaled your social, political or religious affiliation.
The Swedish missionary couple Otto and Elin Witt who lived in the area from 1876 witnessed and took active part in this transformation of the Zulu society.