Koch-Grünberg, Theodor

Theodor Koch-Grünberg (9 April 1872, Grũnberg/Oberhessen, Germany – 8 October 1924, Rio Branco, Brazil) was a German ethnologist and explorer who made a valuable contribution to the study of South America's indigenous people, in particular the Pemon Indians of Venezuela and the Brazilian tribes of the Amazon region.
After studying humanities at the University of Tübingen, he obtained a doctorate in philosophy at Würzburg with a thesis on the Guaicuru.
In 1896 he travelled to Brazil for the first time as a member of an expedition led by Hermann Meyer in search of the source of the Xingu River, a tributary of the Amazon River.
Then from 1903–1905 he explored the Yapura River and the Rio Negro to the border with Venezuela. In 1906, he published photogravures of people he encountered on the expedition in his monumental "Indianertypen aus dem Amazonasgebiet nach eigenen Aufnahmen während seiner Reise in Brasilien" (1906). A written account of his trip, including his study of the Baniwa, was published in two volumes in 1910-11 under the title: "Zwei Jahre Unter Den Indianern. Reisen in Nord West Brasilien, 1903-1905" ("Two Years Among the Indians. Travels in North-West Brazil")
He illustrated his account with photographs and his descriptions of Brazilian tribes are still used by anthropologists and ethnologists today.
His second major expedition started in 1911 and took him from Manaus, up the Rio Branco to Mount Roraima in Venezuela, where he documented the myths and legends of the Pemon Indians and took numerous photographs. Koch-Grünberg used the local names Arekuna and Taulipang to describe the indigenous groups he studied but these are local names for the Pemon.
He then explored the Sierra Parima, the Caura River and the Ventuari River, before reaching the Orinoco River on 1 January 1913.
After spending a short time in San Fernando de Atabapo, then the capital of Amazonas Federal Territory, he continued his journey along the Casiquiare canal, which links the Orinoco River system with the Amazon, via the Rio Negro.
He then returned to Manaus, before returning to Germany to produce his most important work: "Vom Roraima Zum Orinoco" ("From Roraima to the Orinoco"), which was published in 1917.
He was the director of Berlin's Ethnographic Museum, where many of the items he collected on his travels are stored.
Koch-Grünberg died suddenly and tragically in Brazil in 1924 after contracting malaria on an expedition with the American explorer, geographer, and physician Alexander H. Rice, Jr. and the Portuguese-Brazilian cinematographer Silvino Santos to map the upper reaches of the Rio Branco. The film of the expedition was called "The Trail of El Dorado" and was highly successful. (wikipedia, 2010-08-30)